introduction flexible polyurethane (pu) foams are ubiquitous materials finding applications in bedding, furniture, automotive seating, and packaging. traditionally, tin-based catalysts such as stannous octoate (snoct) and dibutyltin dilaurate (dbtdl) have been widely used in their production due to their high catalytic activity and cost-effectiveness. however, concerns regarding the toxicity, environmental impact, and potential for migration...